The Impeachment Of Bill Clinton Essays - Lewinsky Scandal

The Impeachment Of Bill Clinton The Impeachment of Bill Clinton The government of the United States controls countless affairs in the world. They control everything from the currency to the court systems. Individuals are suppose to be able to trusting your government system, which has not been the case in many different circumstances. From Richard Nixon to the Whitewater scandal, the government has been everything but honest. Furthermore the President has not been honest either. He was the youngest governor of Arkansas and has been awarded with many different honors and still has misused his power. Bill Clinton has obstructed justice, carried on an affair while in presidency, and abused his power in office. He has also committed two counts of perjury and has lied under oath on more than one occasion. President Clinton should be impeached due to these countless acts of misconduct. Clinton has apologized many times for a variety of incidences that he has committed. A linguistics professor, Debroah Tannen told Time Magazine that ...men hardly ever apologize because doing so entails admitting fault and that shows weakness...(Carlson 44). Clinton has appeared on television many times admitting many things and apologizing for them. In the beginning of the Monica Lewinsky situation, Clinton said that he had not had a relationship with that woman, so ...why would Clinton now, after seven months of sustained lying, suddenly choose honestly? (Carlson 44). Many people say that it started when he was handed too much power at the early age of 32. Clinton started his life in the state of Arkansas and while he was still in high school, he had thoughts of being a doctor or a reporter. After meeting John F. Kennedy, his interest changed into politics and went on to college where he received his law degree in 1973. He married Hillary Rodham in 1975 and two years later, he became the youngest governor, in the nation, of Arkansas, at the age of 32. He was reelected more than three times for the state of Arkansas (DeGregorio 2). In 1992, William Clinton ran for President on the democratic ticket. His thoughts for the country were to create many jobs, lower taxes for the middle class, and help national health insurance. Although many people attacked him about an incident when he evaded military service and then tried to cover it up, he won the run and choose Senator Al Gore as his vice-president. He beat Republican Bush and Independent party Perot. President Clinton would be reelected again and he would have many issues while in his last term (DeGregorio 3). Clintons first problem occurred in 1994, when Paula Jones claimed that Bill Clinton propositioned her and exposed himself to her while he was governor of Arkansas. Clinton denied everything from the beginning. In 1997, Clinton offered $700,000 to settle the case, but Jones only wanted an apology. If Clinton did not do anything wrong, then why would he pay a hefty fine to dismiss the case? April first of this year, the Jones case was dropped, but was reopened in November. Jones came out with a recorded $800,000 settlement (Froomkin 1). The worries did not stop at the Jones case though. In 1995, Clinton allegedly started to have an affair with one of his interns, Monica Lewinsky who was 21 years old at the time. No one knew about these alleged affairs between Monica and the President, and after he stopped seeing her, is when Lewinsky took action. Clinton, just as in the Jones case, denied everything. People started to get suspicious about not one, but now two accusations against the President. Clinton said that he didnt have a relationship with her, which was correct, according to his definition of relationship. Clinton later changed his old story...to having an inappropriate relationship with her (Aubrey 3). While Lewinsky was gathering up evidence to support her case, Independent Council, Kenneth Starr, offered to help her. Lewinsky agreed and told Starr everything about the relationship. On September 9, 1998, Starr released his Starr Report that told about the Presidents affair. Before the release of the Report, Lacayo quoted Washington is bracing itself for the text unlike anything it has ever handled, with interludes that describe, in all too fascinating detail, ...engagement

Harriet Tubman Essay Example

Harriet Tubman Essay Example Harriet Tubman Essay Harriet Tubman Essay Ð ¡atherine Clinton’s biography â€Å"Harriet Tubman: The Road to Freedom† is an interesting and comprehensive biography on Harriet Tubman’s life. Catherine Clinton is a renowned historian with a special interest in black history. Many consider Harriet Tubman as the â€Å"Black Moses† of America and for good reason; she has lead hundreds of slaves to freedom, risking her own life for their welfare. This book is truly comprehensive and immersive and focuses on exposing the reality of Harriet Tubman’s life. Most biographical narratives on Tubman have become predominantly focused on her myth, we all know her as the mastermind of the â€Å"underground railroad†, but many aspects of her life have become forgotten. This narrative really focuses on Harriet Tubman, her trials and triumphs, and the truth about one of the most powerful women in American history. The reality of Harriet Tubman’s life is an inspirational and motivating story, one that exceeds her mythological legacy. The purpose of this book was to recreate a historically accurate, and complete portrayal of Harriet Tubman. Clinton first introduces the world in which Harriet Tubman lived in. The book also delves into the topics of social history of American slavery and the antislavery movement, and how Harriet Tubman greatly fought for this cause. Clinton tells the story of Tubman’s struggles and her life around the greater battle for emancipation that was occurring in America. Clinton provides a general overview of conditions for slaves along the Eastern shore; and how Harriet must have lived during her early life. : Harriet Tubman was very much an ordinary woman, with the normal complexities of ordinary life. However, her extraordinary accomplishments are how she is remembered today. However, Harriet Tubman endured travails that all human beings endure. However, what made Harriet Tubman so extraordinary was her strength and courage in facing the realities of life, and the dangers she exposed herself to be very real. Her character truly defines and speaks volumes about who she truly was, rather than her accomplishments. The primary subject of the book is Harriet Tubman herself. Tubman was born during the â€Å"era of good feeling†, a historical period within American history of peace and prosperity. This of course did not apply to African Americans, whose lives were still controlled solely in the hands of their white owners. Clinton narrates Tubman’s journey from being born a slave in Maryland to her daring escape to Canada, her daring journeys back to the United States and the already glorified endeavors of the Underground Railroad. Clinton also explains how Tubman’s husband John Tubman had a substantial influence on Harriet. They were married as teens in Maryland, Clinton says that their early marriage was filled with â€Å"happiness and repose, they loved each other tenderly and with great passion†. Little has been known about the relationship between these two. Clinton paints a picture of a happy couple torn apart through their conflicting moral values. John Tubman was content to live out his life on the farm. John felt that despite the conditions under which he lived, they were not as worse as comparable circumstances at other farms. His indecisiveness when it came to his personal freedom ultimately led him to refuse to run away with Harriet. Running away to Canada without John had a profound effect on her and was a turning point in her life. Harriet took a huge risk, one that took a lot of courage and conviction in her ideals to be able to leave her relationship. Harriet, the real human being, is a truly inspirational woman in history and is more than her legacy on the Underground Railroad. The biography really discerns the reality from myth of Harriet Tubman. The majority of the American public knows the story of Harriet Tubman, her courage in helping bring slaves into the north through a dangerous â€Å"underground railroad†. The danger that she faced through this time of trial, her hunted status in the south, and her courage in standing up for African Americans as well as women’s rights are well documented. However, Harriet Tubman was also a real person, and the personal story behind her accomplishments is far more important than her accomplishments. Tubman grew up much like any other slave. She did not receive divine aid, education, nor did she gain certain advantages over other slaves. The fact that she had a husband did not really separate her from others as well. The fact that Tubman wanted something more and acted upon her vision speaks volumes of her. Harriet Tubman was just as human as anyone else, but her special abilities and her courage arose whenever she needed to. The reason behind her dangerous trips into the heart of the South was that she strongly believed in her moral convictions, and that she put everything into her beliefs. She was an ordinary woman who rose up when called upon to do the extraordinary. The vast majority of people forget that she also lived a normal life, and that what she accomplished is really an inspiring story. Harriet Tubman’s life is just as fascinating a story as the legacy she left behind. She is not a mythological figure of the African American freedom movement, but rather an ordinary individual who through her life experiences and moral convictions, transformed into a remarkable leader. A great lesson that can be drawn from Tubman’s life is that complacency is the greatest obstacle to our moral convictions. It is all too easy to settle for what we have now, than to work for what we want later. Tubman reveals that the battle against complacency and the power to dream for a better tomorrow carries with it great hurdles and responsibilities. One has to rise above what one believes is incapable to accomplish their goals. Tubman applied this philosophy throughout her life. Tubman never saw what she did as extraordinary. What one accomplishes always seems incredible to others, but ordinary to those who went through every step of the way. Clinton, Catherine. Harriet Tubman: The Road to Freedom. First Edition. Boston: Little, Brown and Company, 2004.

Synthesis of Dibenzalacetone by Aldol Condensation of Benzaldehyde and Lab Report

Synthesis of Dibenzalacetone by Aldol Condensation of Benzaldehyde and Acetone - Lab Report Example Under basic conditions, the carbonyl group of acetone having an alpha hydrogen atom is converted to an enolate ion (Mc Murry, 1999, pp. 939). The enolate ion thus produced is a strong nucleophile and attacks the carbonyl group of the â€Å"accepting partner†, which in this case is benzaldehyde (Mc Murry, 1999, pp. 939). An alkoxide is formed as a result of this nucleophilic attack. The alkoxide then undergoes protonation by H2O, forming a â€Å"neutral condensation product†, hydroxyketone. This undergoes dehydration in presence of NaOH, forming an enolate ion, hydroxyenolate, which then forms Benzalacetone by loss of a hydroxyl group. Benzalacetone also has alpha hydrogen, which again forms enolate ion under basic conditions, similar to the first step. This enolate nucleophilically attacks another Benzylaldehyde molecule. Subsequent reactions are similar to those already discussed, leading to the formation of dibenzalacetone, the final product. Thus, two molecules of be nzaldehyde and one molecule of acetone are required to form one molecule of dibenzalacetone. O O O CH3 – C – CH2 – H CH3 – C– CH2 – H – C – OH- Acetone Enolate ion- nucleophilic attack on benzaldehyde O OH O O- CH3 – C – CH2 – CH – CH3 – C – CH2 – CH – OH- ?-Hydroxyketone Alkoxide O OH O CH3 – C – CH- – CH – CH3 – C – CH = CH – Hydroxyenolate Benzalacetone O – CH = CH – C – CH = CH – Dibenzalacetone (iii) Experimental: Benzaldehyde (80  µl), acetone (29  µl), and ethanolic NaOH (1.0 ml) were used in this experiment. The reaction was carried out in a conical vial containing a magnetic spinvane, according to the procedure specified in the SC214 practical manual, page 41. Filtration of the product was done using a Hirsch funnel, and the Craig tube method was used for purification and recrystalliz ation of the product as per the SC214 practical manual, page 42. Melting point and IR spectrum were also obtained for the characterization of the product. (iv) Results: The weight and yield of the product (dibenzalacetone) are calculated as follows: (1) Calculation of mass of the product: Weight of glass= 37.458 g Weight of glass along with Dibenzalacetone crystals= 37.502g Therefore, mass of Dibenzalacetone crystals= 37.502 – 37.458 = 0.044g (2) Calculation of yield of the product: % Yield of Dibenzalacetone = Benzaldehyde is the limiting reactant in this experiment No. of moles of Dibenzalacetone= = = 0.001877 = 1.87 ? 10-4 moles No. of moles of Benzaldehyde= = = 0.000784 =7.84 ? 10-4 moles Since 2 benzaldehyde molecules are involved in each reaction, =7.84 ? 10-4/2 = 3.92 moles % yield of Dibenzalacetone= = = 0.477?100 = 47.7% Therefore, % yield of Dibenz

Leading Early Childhood Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1000 words

Leading Early Childhood - Essay Example According to (Aubrey, 2011), leaders perceive their responsibility as spanning from their own to their staff’s development. In the past, the role of leaders in staff development, and especially in early childhood did not have much emphasis. However, in the recent past, this has taken center stage. Aubrey (2011) views this as having been necessitated by changing expectations. Leadership role is all about ‘quality of staff training’ (Aubrey, 2011, p. 45). According to Aubrey (2011), countless hindrances have derailed this, ranging from policies and procedures, as well as inspections. In the changing world of today, Aubrey (2011) explains that leaders and staff hold clarified views concerning decision making. In this regard, however, it emerges that all participants in this field including the child ‘become involved to some extent in the decision making’ (p. 34). However, she forwards interesting evidence on how people with varying initial qualification and approaching this sector from varied routes, may hold differing opinions on early childhood leadership as well as diverse attitudes on aspects of their roles. This serves to demonstrate the degree to which staff development is essential, since, looking at pedagogical leadership; the teacher emerges as a crucial decision maker. Effective leadership has been impacts greatly on a child’s learning. Leadership is also central to the overall success of a school. In this light, therefore, the quality of this leadership should be cultivated and improved. In the Early Childhood setup, leadership is perceived to flow from top downwards. However, some contributors in this field will argue that leadership is more followers oriented, especially in regard to children; than leader oriented. This is a credible hypothesis according to Berthelsen, Brownlee, & Johansson, (2009), who view children as being the consumers in the training process. The findings produced by Aubrey (2011) sets several leadership

Police Pursuits Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 500 words

Police Pursuits - Essay Example It has also come into light Police Pursuit driving is about a thousand times more risk-prone than normal driving, which is why it is being perceived as quite hazardous to both, the public and the police officers, themselves. In Ontario, Canada, a separate law exists for prescribing the code of conduct, as well as the rules and regulations for Police Pursuits. This has been done to get the whole concept of Police Pursuit in the right spirit and to use it as a tool to safeguard the lives of fellow road-users and not vice verse! An instance to support the fact that police pursuits need to be regulated and made safe can be cited at this point. A police officer chased a driver who violated rules, collided into a truck carrying explosives. He, therefore, exposed the lives of numerous fellow travellers to risk, apart from his own life. Such incidents need to be avoided at any cost. Firstly, it is prescribed that police officers need to use sirens and other flash lights to alert the public about the pursuit and to help them avoid danger or collisions of any sort, especially in 'hazardous' pursuits. Secondly, numerous recommendations hav

Clt Communicative Language Teaching Knowledge Methods English Language Essay

Clt Communicative Language Teaching Knowledge Methods English Language Essay If person wants to learn something new, first of all, he should decide seriously for himself does he need the new knowledge, and how he might use it in the everyday life. This is what should be the first step to appear in persons head before starting a new cycle of studying. But bare intensions are not enough. Basically all people need to get help and support from the others who possess the knowledge, which a person only dreams about. So he has to find a good teacher. And then it is teachers turn to decide, what he can do for his new student. First of all, he needs to choose in which way he can transfer the knowledge to the student, and the chosen method must be the most effective one. There exists such an idea, that each person perceives new information faster and easier, if the best approach is found for him. It is a very delicate part of the whole process. Language is something special if to compare with other subjects. You need to become a completely different person, in other words -to dip in the specific culture, to change the speech apparatus, to think like you are of a different origin. It is a sort of a play, and methods are very different. There are comparatively new methods appearing, like CLT (Communicative Language Teaching), for instance. This method, or some prefer to call it an approach, is not very old; however, it wasnt introduced just yesterday too. Opinions of CLT are either positive or negative, but it still continuous being used by many studying institutions as well as in Latvian University. The goal of the present research was to investigate how students and teachers feel when using Communicative Language Teaching and what sort of difficulties they challenge in a process. The enabling objectives of the present research are as follows: to read the theory on CLT method; to analyse the information of the CLT method; to implement the necessary research activities (filling in the questionnaire); to draw the relevant conclusions. The hypothesis of the present work was formulated in accordance with the goal. Moreover, the research is conducted to provide that the CLT approach cannot always be considered as the perfect option for language students. During the investigation of the present theme the following methods were used: Theoretical method (reading and analysing the theory of the Communicative Language Teaching); Practical method (distributing the questionnaire to the students of the second course of English Philology, LU to find out their views on the CLT method). Environment of the present research: The University of Latvia, Faculty of Humanities, department of English Studies. Outline of chapters: The first chapter is basically about the good CLT points and its advantages. It also introduces CLT method to those who have never heard of it. In the second chapter, some information about the main difficulties and challenges of CLT method is given. ON THE ONE HAND As it was previously mentioned, the CLT is comparatively new method which was spread in 1970s. (Online 1) The basic reason for its appearance was the feeling of some teachers that the old methods are somewhat unnatural or out of date. In other words, students were taught such a live and delicate thing like a language in the artificial manner. They realised that they should change the situation for more natural and free. This, in fact meant another experiment. When they tried another way of teaching their students, they found out that it works and decided to spread it all over the world. This method was not a slight deviation from the standard methods; it was a real challenge to them. Because the newly made method consisted of everything that did not existed in the former way of spoken language teaching. First of all, CLT means freedom for those who are studying; and also less stressful atmosphere, which is very attractive both for teachers and for the students. This approach transforms a usual lesson to good and stress free time spending. Students can participate equally in all exercises, not waiting for every turn of them to speak. Each person is welcome to express his thoughts and ideas. The more you speak the more you practise. It is especially great, when the new class is formed and people are not well acquainted one with another. So the CLT method becomes a great possibility to learn something new about your partner or partners through conversational tasks, as well as to develop the communicative skills and to increase self-confidence. The basic novelty consists of an opportunity to act freely during the class performance, or even to become another person by taking a pseudonym. When person knows that its just a game he may act more bravely to his partners and to dream a lot. Moreover, usually the tasks are based on real life situations, so that students could imagine themselves talking to a native speaker, thus use all their potentials in the conversation with a stranger or an imaginary friend. And who knows, maybe this or that group work will prepare a student for the real life situations, when he could apply his experience. Any initiative is welcome in the CLT method. Teachers do not ask their student to speak without a single mistake, vice versa; they want to see the process of free speech and the intentions of a student to bring out the meaning so that the others can understand a general sense. ON THE OTHER HAND So on the one hand, CLT is a new step towards modern image of language studying, on the other hand, it concedes to the former way of teaching where the requirements were far stricter and the results were worthy. At those times students learned or sometimes even drilled new things, which an average person cannot memorise after a couple of brief conversations. This is a curious case, because today students cannot compare old and new methods. In other words, they have no choice, therefore they should get maximum of the method their teacher uses. It is also important that a teacher could freely operate with the new structure of the lesson when all students work at themselves. But a teacher usually only observes and corrects without much interfering. If previously the most part of the lesson was occupied by a teachers explanations and corrections, then now it is full of students voices and negotiations. So it is quite a loud lesson usually. Of course, sometimes students cannot come to a compromise, which makes it difficult to work afterwards. CLT is, definitely, not for the young students who sometimes are not taught how to hold themselves, how to develop a conversation with all manners and etiquette. If CLT is good for western countries or European countries, then not necessarily it would be an appropriate approach to the eastern students, because they are more reserved, and not used to chat a lot. Not all students are able to participate equally in the class activities. Or sometimes what is worse, some students may pretend that they participate, and act so that a teacher wont notice his disinterest. In the case of avoiding participation of some students, it is clear that CLT is not meant for them to achieve good results. Some people, both students and teachers, consider this method over relaxed, because there is no intensive grammar work. They believe that they can do the same things when they are not at school, for instance, to have a good conversation with group mates or friends. But during classes exactly a teacher should demonstrate all his knowledge, skills, and good examples and share his own rich experience. All these would not give students an opportunity just to mark time when they work together but to learn new rules words and other things which they even did not suspected or heard of. In the questionnaire everything looks quite obviously. Fourteen students of twenty (14/20) would prefer the modern method, where all people can work together in groups, and to share interesting ideas. However 6 of 20 prefer to work individually, considering it is more time worthy, as well as to be a good training, getting strong results and not only confidence training, but also responsibility developing. CONCLUSION CLT became something usual already; however it is not recognised by all specialists in the language teaching sphere. Many teachers still find it hard to use the CLT method in the class, because of having too different personalities among students. Young people, if to look at the questionnaire results, are not against working together with a partner. Basically they like sharing opinions among the same age group, and afterwards present their views to a teacher together. All this is good, however CLTs freedom make its users less responsible and not very concentrated, mainly, because, a portion of class work is divided for a group of people, which makes the situation easier. People are as if learning to be socially adequate, while should come to learn new things about the language. REFERENCES Communicative Language Teaching: An Introduction and Sample Activities. Available from http://www.cal.org/resources/digest/gallow01.html [Accessed June 3, 2010] Communicative Language Teaching -Disadvantages. Available from http://www.englishcafe.com/chatcafe/group-forum/communicative-language-teaching-disadvantages-32878 [Accessed June 3, 2010]. Communicative Language Teaching: Unity within Diversity. ELT Journal.

The Political Status of Tibet and China :: Foreign Policy Politics Political

In contemporary society, before major decisions are made, we are often urged to look back at the pertinent historical information and see if we can use this information to help us make clearer decisions and definitions especially in national and international policies. The real problem with this is that those making decisions often have a personal investment in the decision and are able to skew history and data towards the solution that they prefer. In these cases, it is necessary to look at both sides of the information before reaching a decision, and this is what I have tried to do concerning China’s policies and political viewpoint of Tibet. Through using objective and pro-Chinese documents, as well as outside knowledge of pro-Tibet viewpoints, I have attempted to prove whether or not I feel the Chinese are justified in claiming authority over Tibet, and conversely, whether Tibet is justified in claiming autonomy from China. My conclusion is that neither is justified. Through studying the political histories of the relationship of China and Tibet since the Tang Dynasty, constructed as alternating periods of each state’s dominance over each other in different ways, I believe that neither China nor Tibet is justified in their political opinions over the other and instead they historically have been partners unable to clearly be separate from each other. In order to properly come to a conclusion on what the actual historical status of Tibet and China is, one must begin with the first real documented political relationship existing between the two states. This period begins with the Tang Dynasty ruling in China (approximately 618 to 908 AD) and a series of powerful tribal chiefs in Tibet, referred to as the â€Å"‘Tubo’ in Chinese historical documents† (Yin 201). During this period, the Tubo were a highly powerful group, and for almost three centuries, constant battles erupted between Tibet and China, not clearly defined with borders yet. The Tibetans were still a highly nomadic society and sparsely spread along the high Tibetan plains. As the tribal chiefs began to gain more power, larger groups of people would congregate, and battles broke out when the nomadic Tibetans would either travel into Chinese territory or when the Chinese would infringe upon the Tibetan nomads’ lands. Due to the unclearly de fined borders between China and Tibet, many â€Å"minor frontier states† existed as a buffer zone between Tibet and China (Norbu 34). The Political Status of Tibet and China :: Foreign Policy Politics Political In contemporary society, before major decisions are made, we are often urged to look back at the pertinent historical information and see if we can use this information to help us make clearer decisions and definitions especially in national and international policies. The real problem with this is that those making decisions often have a personal investment in the decision and are able to skew history and data towards the solution that they prefer. In these cases, it is necessary to look at both sides of the information before reaching a decision, and this is what I have tried to do concerning China’s policies and political viewpoint of Tibet. Through using objective and pro-Chinese documents, as well as outside knowledge of pro-Tibet viewpoints, I have attempted to prove whether or not I feel the Chinese are justified in claiming authority over Tibet, and conversely, whether Tibet is justified in claiming autonomy from China. My conclusion is that neither is justified. Through studying the political histories of the relationship of China and Tibet since the Tang Dynasty, constructed as alternating periods of each state’s dominance over each other in different ways, I believe that neither China nor Tibet is justified in their political opinions over the other and instead they historically have been partners unable to clearly be separate from each other. In order to properly come to a conclusion on what the actual historical status of Tibet and China is, one must begin with the first real documented political relationship existing between the two states. This period begins with the Tang Dynasty ruling in China (approximately 618 to 908 AD) and a series of powerful tribal chiefs in Tibet, referred to as the â€Å"‘Tubo’ in Chinese historical documents† (Yin 201). During this period, the Tubo were a highly powerful group, and for almost three centuries, constant battles erupted between Tibet and China, not clearly defined with borders yet. The Tibetans were still a highly nomadic society and sparsely spread along the high Tibetan plains. As the tribal chiefs began to gain more power, larger groups of people would congregate, and battles broke out when the nomadic Tibetans would either travel into Chinese territory or when the Chinese would infringe upon the Tibetan nomads’ lands. Due to the unclearly de fined borders between China and Tibet, many â€Å"minor frontier states† existed as a buffer zone between Tibet and China (Norbu 34).

Momentum trading and Business Cycle Risk: Evidence from BRIC Countries

1. Introduction. BRIC (Brazil, Russia, India and China) countries are growing at an alarming rate. This growth can be attributed to a number of factors including globalisation, financial liberalisation which has led to an increase in cross-border capital flows, technological developments and the internet. These countries are forecast to witness tremendous growth in the years ahead. The alarming growth of BRIC countries has attracted investors in search of suitable environments for portfolio diversification to consider BRIC countries as potential destinations for diversifying their portfolios. This paper presents a proposal to study the link between business cycles and momentum trading in the BRIC stock markets. The paper aims at understanding how business cycle risk affects momentum profits in BRIC countries. The study also seeks to provide an understanding of how momentum profits are affected by firm specific characteristics such as firm size and book-to-market ratios in BRIC countries. 2. Objectives of the study The objective of the study is to determine the impact of business cycle risk on momentum profits and thus momentum trading in BRIC countries. Research Questions The study aims at answering the following questions: Are there momentum profits in the stock markets of BRIC countries If so, what is the impact of Business Cycle risk on these profits What are the regulatory implications of momentum profits in BRIC countries Significance of the Study The study is significant to market regulators in that it will enable them design regulatory requirements aimed at reducing inefficiencies in BRIC stock markets thereby increasing their ability to attract capital. The study will also help foreign investors to gain more confidence in BRIC countries. Finally, the study will serve as a reference point for future researchers interested in conducting research on momentum profits. 5. Literature Review. A momentum trading strategy is a trading strategy that is designed based on past performance. The trading strategy is based on the assumption that â€Å"history will repeat itself†. A momentum trading strategy is therefore a strategy, which assumes that the return performance will persist in the medium term (Signos and Chelley, 1994). Momentum profits were first observed by Jegadeesh and Titman (1993). Accordingly, the study observed that stocks that performed well in a previous period also performed well in the current period, while those that performed poorly in the previous period also performed poorly in the current period. This means that a trading strategy that went long on previous winners while shorting previous losers would result in positive abnormal returns. In particular Jagadeesh and Titman (1993) observed the realisation of positive abnormal returns of 1 percent with the momentum strategy. In addition, a number of other studies have observed significant positive abnormal returns with the momentum trading strategy (e.g., Moskowitz and Grinblatt, 1999; Jegadeesh and Titman, 2001; Liu et al. (1999), Hong and Tonks, 2003; Gregory et al., 2001; Griffin et al., 2003; Gregory et al. 2001; Rouwenhorst 1998). The implication of the existence of such a Band Wagon (money making strategy) is that markets were not efficient. According to the weak- and semi-strong form efficient market hypotheses, all information available to the general public is already reflected in stock prices. This means that investors cannot realise superior risk adjusted returns by adopting a particular trading strategy such as the one proposed by momentum trading (Ross et al., 1999; Bodie et al., 2007). Attempts to attribute this finding to inefficient markets have been opposed by Fama and French (1993, 1995, 1996) who argued that observing momentum profits cannot be attributed to inefficient capital markets. Rather the single factor capital asset pricing model (CAPM) has been criticised for not being able to properly explain the variability of the cross-section of stock returns. This model suggests that stock market returns depend on a single factor (i.e., the return on the market portfolio). However, Fama and French (1993, 1995, 1996) contest this view and argue instead that stock returns could be explained by additional factors such as the book-to-market ratio and firm size. A three factor model is therefore proposed which takes into account the impact of size and book-to-market ratio and is found to perform better than the single factor CAPM (Fama and French, 1993, 1995, 1996). In addition, the three factor model was extended to a four-factor model to include a momentum factor w hich measures the difference between the return on portfolios of stocks that performed well in the previous period and the return on portfolios of stocks that performed poorly. Including a momentum factor in the three-factor model thus making it a four-factor model enabled the model to be able to explain the momentum profits observed in Jagadeesh and Titman (1993) and the other studies identified in the Literature. In summary, Fama and French argue that anomalies such as those observed in momentum trading cannot be attributed to inefficiencies in capital markets. Rather they should be attributed to inadequacies in the models that are used in explaining the cross-section of stock returns. Other explanations have been offered for the observation of momentum profits. According to behavioural finance theorist, momentum profits are a result of slow movement of information. Behavioural finance theorists are against market efficiency theorists who argue that information is rapidly reflected in stock prices. Among behavioural theorists, Hong and Stein (1999) argue that momentum profits can be attributed to slow diffusion of information across interested investors. This means that some investors receive information about stock prices earlier than others and as such appropriate action faster than others. By so doing, investors who have quick access to information are capable of making superior abnormal returns while those who do not have quick access to information tend not to make superior risk-adjusted returns by using such information as a basis of trading. Barberis et al. (1998) argues that momentum profits can be attributed to overreaction or underreaction of stock prices to news. The explanation from behavioural theorists conflict with those of Fama and French because behavioural theorists also suggest that there is nothing like an efficient market. Given the conflict between behavioural theorists and proponents of market efficiency, alternative explanations have been provided by recent studies. These studies argue that momentum profits are influenced by business cycle variables (e.g., Antoniou et al., 2007; Liew and Vassalou, 1999). Contrary to this view Griffen et al. (2002) in a study examining the link between business cycle variables and momentum profits across many countries argue that momentum profits are not a function of business cycle variables. While many studies have investigated the relationship between business cycle variables, most of these studies focus on developed markets with very little attention paid to emerging markets such as those of BRIC countries. Given the increasing role that BRIC countries play in the global economy, it is important to understand whether there are momentum profits in these countries as well as the role that business cycle risk has on momentum profits. This study is therefore a positive step toward contributing to the literature on momentum profits and business cycle risk by extending previous studies to stock markets in BRIC countries. 5. Research Methods This study will employ an econometric model to study the relationship between momentum profits and three sets of variables: (i) business cycle variables; (ii) firm specific variables (iii); and behavioural finance variables. The relationship between momentum profits and these variables can be represented using the following econometric model: (1) Where is a measure of the momentum profit of country i at in year t; is a vector of firm specific variables; is a vector of the past cumulative raw returns; and are the sensitivities of the momentum profits to changes in firm-specific variables and past cumulative returns respectively. The magnitude of the effect of these variables will be determined by testing the significance of the parameters at the 5% level of significance. In order to study business cycle variables, a model was developed by Chordia and Shivakumar (2002) and later extended by Antoniou et al. (2007). The model is an econometric model which establishes the relationship between momentum profits and business cycle variables. The model can be stated as follows: Where is the return (inclusive of dividends) of firm i in month t, BC is a vector of j (j=1-6) macroeconomic variables representing business cycle variables (DY, Rf, TERM, DEF, FX, and GDP), and is the error term of stock i in month t. DY is the dividend yield; Rf is the risk-free interest rate; DEF is the premium for default risk premium which is estimated as the difference between the yield on long-term corporate bonds and the yield on long-term government bonds; The term spread (TERM) is the difference between the yield on long-term government securities minus the yield on short-term government securities; FX is the foreign exchange rate; and GDP is the change in GDP (Antoniou et al., 2007). As earlier mentioned, stock returns depend on two factors: market factors and firm-specific factors. There is a trade-off relationship between the manner in which each group of factors affect stock returns. That is the higher the impact of firm-specific factors, the lower will be the impact of market factors and vice versa (Antoniou et al., 2007). To estimate equation (1) equations 3 has to be estimated and its parameters used as inputs to equation (2). After estimating equation (2) its parameters can then be used as inputs to equation (1). In this study, both time-series and cross-sectional regressions are used. Cross-sectional regressions are preferred over time series regressions because they help to avoid data-snooping biases which tend to occur in time-series regressions. In the time-series regressions, individual stocks are used which help to reduce the degree of loss of information that tends to occur when portfolios are used. Using first-pass time series regression, which allows the parameters to also fluctuate with firm-specific variables. The firm-specific factors include firm size and book-to-market ratio. The first-pass time-series regression can be stated as follows; is the return on firm i at time t, BC is a the vector of business cycle risk variables identified earlier, FF (Fama and French factors) are the firm-specific variables. Once equation (3) has been estimated, the parameters will be used as inputs to the second pass regression equation (4) below: Where is the output of equation (3). It is the unexplained variation from equation (3). These include the intercept coefficient and the residual term (+) of the regression equation (3); is a vector of firm characteristics, which include firm size and book-to-market ratio for security i at time t. represent the three sets of past cumulative raw returns (for m=1-3) over the second through third (RET 2-3), fourth through sixth (RET 4-6) and seventh through twelfth (RET 7-12) months prior to the current month t. (Antoniou et al. 2007). 6. Data Stock price data for stocks in the BRIC countries will be retrieved from the Thomson Financial Datastream Database. Data on dividend yields will also be retrieved from this database. The database also reports data on exchange rates. GDP, interest rate and exchange rate data will be retrieved from the IMF International Financial Statistics (IFS) database. Stock price data will be used to calculate the monthly return for each stock over the 60 monthly holding periods from January 2007 to December 2011. The returns will be used as inputs to the first-pass regression. References Griffin, John M., Martin, J. Spencer and Ji, Susan, â€Å"Momentum Investing and Business Cycle Risk: Evidence from Pole to Pole† (March 18, 2002). AFA 2003 Washington, DC Meetings; EFA 2002 Berlin Meetings Presented Paper. Available at SSRN: http://ssrn.com/abstract=291225 or DOI: 10.2139/ssrn.291225 Antoniou A., Lam H. Y.T., Paudyal K. (2007). Profitability of momentum strategies in international markets: The role of business cycle variables and behavioural biases. Journal of Banking & Finance volume 31, issue 3, pp. 955-972. Liew, Jimmy K.yung Soo and Vassalou, Maria, (1999). â€Å"Can Book-to-Market, Size, and Momentum Be Risk Factors That Predict Economic Growth?† Available at SSRN: http://ssrn.com/abstract=159293 or DOI: 10.2139/ssrn.159293 Rouwenhorst, K.G. (1998). International momentum strategies, Journal of Finance 53, pp. 267–284. Wu, X. (2002). A conditional multifactor analysis of return momentum, Journal of Banking and Finance 26 (2002), pp. 1675–1696 Jegadeesh N., Titman S. (1998). Returns to buying winners and selling losers: Implications for market efficiency, Journal of Finance 48, pp. 65–91. Barberis N., Shleifer A., Vishny R.W.(1998). A model of investor sentiment, Journal of Financial Economics 49, pp. 307–343. Fama E.F., French K.R. (1996). Multifactor explanations of asset pricing anomalies, Journal of Finance 51 (1996), pp. 55–84. Hong H., Stein J.C. (1999). A Unified Theory of Undereaction, Momentum Trading, and Overreaction in Asset Markets. Journal of Finance. Vol. 6, pp 2143-2184 Chelley-Steeley, Patricia and Siganos, Antonios, (2004). â€Å"Momentum Profits in Alternative Stock Market Structures†. Available at SSRN: http://ssrn.com/abstract=624583

Skills for effective management education essay

Undertaking 1What Skills are required for effectual direction? Analysze with back uping grounds from ain experience, two personal accomplishment and two professional accomplishments a director demand to be effectual in their function, explicate how these contribute to run intoing both organizational and personal ends.Skills for effectual direction:The importance of managerial public presentation and effectivity has long been recognised by major authors such as Drucker who originally in 1955, propounded that: The director is a dynamic, life giving component in every concern. Without their leading ‘the resources of production remain resources and ne'er become production. In a competitory company, overall the quality and public presentation of the directors is the lone effectual advantage and endeavor in a compitive company can hold. ( Drucker, 1955 ) Managerial efficiency can be distinguished from managerial effectivity.Efficiency is concerned with making things right and relates to inputs and what the director does. Effectiveness is concerned with making the right things and associate to end product of the occupation and what the director really achieves. To be efficient the director must go to to therefore to the input demand of the job-to elucidation of the aims, be aftering organisation way and control. But in order to be effectual, the director must give attending to end product of the job-to public presentation in term of such factors as obtaining best possible consequences in the of import countries of the organisation, optimizing usage of resources, increasing profitableness and attainment of the purposes and aims of the administration. Effectiveness must be related to the accomplishment of some intent, nonsubjective or undertaking to the public presentation of the procedure of direction and the executing of the work. Lut hens effort to separate between effectual and successful directors.Effective Directors:They are defined in term of the measure and quality of criterions of public presentation and satisfaction and committedness of subsidiaries.Successful Directors:They are defined operationally in term of the velocity of their publicity within an organisation. ( Mullings L,2007 ) .Based on the research in the universe and in Vietnam and from the success of old workshops the Centre for Excellence in Management Development ( CEMD ) continuously offers the workshop on Effective Management Skills to assist people and organisation bettering their ain effectivity and efficiency. Through this workshop participants are non merely developed specific competences in the agenda but besides improved learning accomplishments easing accomplishments and teamwork skills.A Skills which are required for effectual direction are described blew under chief accomplishments and bomber accomplishments.Creative Problem Solvi ng Skills:Describing and analysing a job Identifying causes of a job Developing originative options and taking the best class of action Implementing and measuring effectual and efficiency of the determination.Communication Skills:Listening accomplishments Presentation accomplishments Feedback Skills Report witting accomplishments.Conflict Management Skills:Identifying beginnings of struggle functional and dysfunctional struggles Understanding personal manner of struggle declaration Choosing the best scheme for covering with a struggle Developing accomplishments in advancing constructive struggles in organisation and squads.Negotiation Skills:Distinguishing distributive and integrative dialogues place Identifying common errors in dialogue and ways to avoid them Developing rational thought in dialogue Developing effectual accomplishments in dialogue that benefits all parties involved.Two personal accomplishmentsTime direction Problem work outingTwo professional accomplishmentsPresentation accomplishment Report composing accomplishmentEvaluation of my professional and personal accomplishmentThese accomplishments will helpful for me in future to run into personal and professional ends. My clip direction is really good I am punctual and regular and ever reached on clip whenever I have to travel. I ne'er tardily from category or even where of all time I go ne'er tardily. This proves really helpful for me because I ne'er missed the things like talks etc. I besides have ability of job work outing. I can work out job easy and instantly and take best result of jobs. I ever try my degree best to work out the jobs every bit shortly as possible with best result so that I can get away from emphasis or tenseness. These both personal accomplishments will helpful for me in hereafter. Through practise I besides have command on study authorship, ab initio I was non able how to compose a study but go toing talks and pattern now I am able to compose good professional study. I besides gave presentation. Now it is easy for me to give good nowadays. Now I can compose down different professional study and I am able to give good presentation. These besides will helpful for me in future to accomplish organizational and personal ends.Mentions:Mullings, L. ( 2007 ) Management and Organizational Behaviour, 8th Edition: Edexcel hypertext transfer protocol: //www.cemd.ueh.edu.vn/Effective -managment-skill-e.htm ( Access day of the month 24/04/2010 )Undertaking 2Behavior a personal and professional accomplishments audit utilizing SWOT analysis. Employ cause and consequence diagram to farther analysis one professional and one personal accomplishment. Generate a elaborate action program which demonstrates how you intend to turn to countries for farther direction and leading development. Explain the impact of larning manners on personal accomplishments.SWOT stands for S=Strengths=Weaknesses=Opportunities T=ThreatsPersonal SWOT analysisStrengthsFailingsTime Management Decision Making Problem Solving Computer Skills Poor Stress Management Trouble in puting aims Poor background of concern. Not CreativeOpportunitiesMenacesSelf Improvement Feedback from coach Interaction different part ‘s people Home office, if I get failed If non acquire occupation fee entry job May be non able to go through DMSTable: 1.0: Personal SWOT analysisProfessional SWOT AnalysisStrengthsFailingsReport Writing Skill Presentation Skill Poor Leadership Poor Coaching Poor Communication SkillsOpportunitiesMenacesAfter complete DMS, I can make MBA. Deliver good Presentation Occupation in Banks Because of hapless communicating I may non able to present presentation good and lose the occupationTable 2.0: Professional SWOT AnalysisCause and consequence diagram is frequently known as Ishikawa or fishbone diagram.Professional Failing:Less opportunity to take people Poor communicating accomplishment Poor Leadership Poor coaching accomplishmentFigure: 2.1: Fishbone diagram of Poor LeadershipPersonal FailingShort Temper Poor Stress Management Poor CommunicationFigure: 2.2: Fishbone Diagram of Poor Stress ManagementBrooding AnalysisMy professional failing is hapless leading. Because I have less opportunities to take a group or people. Another cause may be hapless communicating and some clip I am non plenty able to present my message to the people. But after cognizing about my failing now I am seeking my degree best to get the better of this failing. I am seeking the abilities of how become good leader. On personal side my emphasis direction is really hapless so far. The causes of hapless emphasis directions are I am short tempered and I get angry may be there is no valid ground to acquire angry. Another cause may be hapless communicating, when I get angry I ne'er express my feelings and I feel there is deficit of words and I became soundless. But after measuring my failing I am seeking to seek the accomplishments how to pull off with emphasis. Now I am able to pull off the emphasis to some extent but it needs more attending and more clip.Learning StyleEducationist have long realised that we learn in different ways. One widely used classification of different acquisition manners that provided by Honey and Mumford. They identified four different characters with rather different preferable larning styles-the militant, the pragmatist, the reflector, the theoretician. diagnostic trials exist to set up which larning manner is more appropriate for you and assist you develop an action program to develop your larning accomplishments You should give yourself a mark between one and ten ( 1-10 ) for how good each of the description describe you. If you give it to 1 it is really hapless description of you. if u give it 10 it is really good description of you. My learning manner is Pragmatists which I describe blow.DefinitionDescriptionTonssPragmatistYou are a practical individual You like to work out jobs You enjoy experimenting to better techniques You often come up with reply to the jobs You merely interested theories is to see if they work in pattern You dislike state of affairs where there is no clear, practicle result You work good to deadlines.You learn good when:You are expected to do practical determinations Using simulations and instance surveies Learning from proven good pattern, utilizing the illustrations and the expertness of others. 8 8 8 8 7 8 8 8 8 7Pragmatist Total =78Table 3.0: Pragmatist Learning StyleInterptation of Learning StyleA pragmatist is a practical individual who likes to work out jobs. They enjoy experimenting to better techniques. They often come up with the reply to a job. Their lone involvement in theories is to see if they work in pattern. They dislike the state of affairs where there is no clear practical result.Pragmatist learns good when:They are expected to do practical determinations Timescales are tight They must break happen better ways to make things Learning from proven good pattern Learning from illustrations and the expertness of others They are expected to be after the following measure Pragmatists will peculiarly profit from developing which involves simulations and instance surveiesPragmatists learn less good when:They are expected to come up with new thoughts themselves The practical relevancy of what they are making is ill-defined They are expected to work out why a technique work As a pragmatist scholar I like to work out jobs. Harmonizing to this timescale is tight. I ever complete my work on clip. I used to larn from practical illustrations and I ever learn from good pattern. When I start pattern instantly I can understand. There are some jobs of larning when any one expects to come up with my thoughts because I am less originative. Sometime it is ill-defined for me what I am making. This exercising is really helpful for me because after to cognizing my learning manner I am seeking my degree best to get the better of my failings and seeking to larn more and heighten my strengths.Undertaking 3You need to find your ends utilizing SMART, and clearly place mark day of the months for monitoring and reappraisal. Produce an on-going development program and brooding record of direction experience.On achieving one professional and personal goal-produce a brooding analysis for each end.Personal GoalImprove Communication accomplishmentExamples:My personal end is to be tter my communicating accomplishments by larning more English. When I came in UK for survey it was really hard for me to pass on in English so I made this end that I have to larn English for good communicating and for personal development. Now I am seeking hard to larn English to pass on people and seek occupation every bit good. Regardless of the size of concern we are in whether a big corporation a little company or even a place based concern effectual communicating accomplishments are indispensable for success. Communication is really of import tool for personal development. In fact communicating is merely successful when both the transmitter and the receiving system understand the same information as a consequence of the communicating. So I started working on it and by the terminal of this month I will be able to pass on good and for this I am besides larning English. When my communicating will be effectual I became successful miss.Professional GoalImprove Leadership AbilityExam ples:Improve leading abilities is my professional end. It is the activity of taking a group or squad. I find myself that there is deficiency in my leading abilities. For this I need good communicating, being articulated, flexible, creativeness and empathetic every bit good. So to seek the leading abilities I have to larn these things every bit good. The factors that lead to this failing are weak communicating accomplishment, non plenty originative and less opportunities to lead people. So now I am seeking my degree best to larn leading abilities for professional development. Whenever I go for occupation so this will be helpful for me in hereafter.Personal Development Plan ( PDP )Learning and development demandHow does this back up your professional and personal endsLearning actions to be taken including resources needed to accomplish themDate of accomplishmentAttempt to compose professional study Improve communicating accomplishments When I will make occupation in Bankss etc. This pattern will helpful for me in future It will assist in my personal and professional development Submit my study to Dr.Gary Bell in order to derive feedback It will assist in my professional and personal development. 14th May 2010 10th May 2010.Table 4.0: Table of PDP ( Personal and Professional )Undertaking 4Writing accomplishment in being an effectual director. Include study composing as a professional failing in the SWOT analysis, and should be included in the development program. Undertake study composing exercising. On completion of the study undertake a brooding analysis of this professional accomplishment.Report on â€Å" Project Management: Is there A Crisis? †AbstractionThis study discusses about the package undertaking failure and aims to foreground the causes of package crises. Many research workers done different researches to look into out the causes of package undertaking failure. Furthermore, the article suggested that the money was wasted on ailment planned, misdirection and delayed Information Technology undertakings. The determination shows that the jobs associated with package crises still persist and believed that there is need to re-examine the package development phenomenon.Table o f ContentIntroduction†¦ †¦ †¦ †¦ †¦ †¦ †¦ †¦ †¦ †¦ †¦ †¦ †¦ †¦ †¦ †¦ †¦ †¦ †¦ †¦ †¦ †¦ †¦ †¦ †¦ †¦ †¦ †¦ †¦ †¦ †¦ †¦ †¦ †¦ †¦ †¦ †¦ †¦ †¦ .16 Symptoms of Software Crisis†¦ †¦ †¦ †¦ †¦ †¦ †¦ †¦ †¦ †¦ †¦ †¦ †¦ †¦ †¦ †¦ †¦ †¦ †¦ †¦ †¦ †¦ †¦ †¦ †¦ †¦ †¦ †¦ †¦ †¦ ..17 Primary Causes of Software Crisis†¦ †¦ †¦ †¦ †¦ †¦ †¦ †¦ †¦ †¦ †¦ †¦ †¦ †¦ †¦ †¦ †¦ †¦ †¦ †¦ †¦ †¦ †¦ †¦ .. †¦ †¦ ..18 Decision†¦ †¦ †¦ †¦ †¦ †¦ †¦ †¦ †¦ †¦ †¦ †¦ †¦ †¦ †¦ †¦ †¦ †¦ †¦ †¦ †¦ †¦ †¦ †¦ †¦ †¦ †¦ †¦ †¦ †¦ †¦ †¦ †¦ †¦ †¦ †¦ †¦ †¦ †¦ †¦ 19 Mentions†¦ †¦ †¦ †¦ †¦ †¦ †¦ †¦ †¦ †¦ †¦ †¦ †¦ †¦ †¦ †¦ †¦ †¦ †¦ †¦ †¦ †¦ †¦ †¦ †¦ †¦ †¦ †¦ †¦ †¦ †¦ †¦ †¦ †¦ †¦ †¦ †¦ †¦ †¦ †¦ .20IntroductionThe package industry has grown and evoveled over decennaries. This is calculating and Information Technology age and these became demand of the hr because they made our life easier as earlier earlier. Calculating and package engineering has become more sophisticated and powerful every twelvemonth which can trip new package markets. Furthermore clients are going more ambitious and are bring forthing more demanding demands. Sadly, the package industry is still tarnished by jobs, such as cost overproductions, scheduladge slippage and hapless merchandise quality. These jobs known as the ‘software crisis ( Conte et al 1986 ) .Anecdotal grounds that in the UK the crisis is non slaking is provided. Therefore, we argue that one primary cause is package undertaking direction and associatory orthodox attacks. Charette ( 2005 ) has complied some dumbfounding failure statistics. He mentioned that package undertaking failure accurse in about every state, like UK, USA, Australia, and Canada on big or little degree. He discusses that package crises cost was $ 17.33 billion merely in America. Later on a comprehensive study was conducted by KPMG ( 1995 ) , utilizing sample of 250 UK organisation. They find out approximately 62 % organisation had at least one major package failure.Symptoms of Software Crisis:The research worker finds out many symptoms of package crises. Some ( Conte et al,1986 ) have highlighted a crisis within the package industry. Glass ( 1998 ) points out that there is no comprehensive study analyzing what per centum of package undertaking fail. Cost, bringing clip and quality are identified as the three symptoms to measure the success or failure of a undertaking of a undertaking. Anecdotal grounds is used to foreground the symptoms and primary causes of undertaking failure which engenders serious concerns. Researcher happen out the symptoms which lead to package undertaking failure are rather common like cost over from appraisal, money wasted on ill-planned, mismanagement and delayed InformationTechonology undertakings which leads to project failure.Primary Causes of Software Crisis:Charette ( 2005 ) and Glass ( 1998 ) , discovered many primary causes of package undertaking failure. These are under below.Unspecified aims and bad planning:Glass ( 1998 ) happen out the chief ground of package undertaking failure are the aims were non specified and they did n't made proper planning and appraisal need resources before they start any undertaking and which cause the package undertaking failure.Inadequate Methodology:They used unequal methods for undertaking direction and did non cognize the proper methodological analysis of different undertakings.Insufficient senior staff and undertaking complexness:There were less experient staff and largely the undertakings were really complicated.Therefor e, it was hard for new and junior staff to manage the undertaking complication.Hardware/Software job:Poor public presentation of the providers. Those who supply the hardware and package some clip they create job which leads to package crisis. There are many more causes which create job and do the package undertaking like stakeholder political relations, commercial force per unit area and unmanaged hazard etc.Decision:It is concluded that the symptoms and causes of the package undertaking failure, many factors involved in the crisis but the chief thing it had to be done before start any of the undertaking is that analysts should implement it or use it in a limited country, after the test if it is win so they should use as a whole. It is need to re analyze the package development phenomenon so that it can bring forth better consequences in future.

All Teachers are Reflective Teachers

All Teachers are Reflective Teachers While there is agreement among education researchers that reflective teachers are effective teachers, there very little evidence in recent research to recommend just how much reflection teachers need to do. There is also very little evidence in past research that outlines just how a teacher should reflect on his or her practice. Yet there is undisputed evidence that suggests that teaching without reflection can lead to bad practice, imitation in instruction  Lortie (1975). So how important is the use of reflection  to a teachers practice? The research suggests that the amount of reflection or how that reflection is recorded is not nearly as important as when the teacher has had the opportunity to reflect on his or her teaching. Teachers who wait to reflect may not be as accurate in their reflections about what happens during the swampy lowlands of practice. In other words, if a teachers reflection is distanced by time, that reflection may revise the past to fit a present belief.    In an article titled Teacher Reflection In a Hall of Mirrors: Historical Influences and Political Reverberations (2003), the researcher Lynn Fendler makes the case that teachers are already reflective by nature as they continuously make adjustments in instruction.   ...the laborious attempts to  facilitate  reï ¬â€šective practices for teachers ï ¬â€šy in the face of the  truism expressed  in the epigraph of this article, namely, that there is  no such  thing as an unreï ¬â€šective teacher. Teachers spend so much time preparing for and delivering lessons, that it is easy to see why they often do not spend their valuable time to record their reflections on lessons in journals unless required. Instead, most teachers reflect-in-action, a term suggested by researcher Donald  Schon   (1987). This kind of reflection-in-action  is the kind of reflection that occurs  in  the classroom in order to produce a necessary change at that moment. This form of reflection-in-action is slightly different than reflection-on-action. In reflection-on-action,   the teacher considers past actions relative soon after instruction in order to be ready for an adjustment in a similar situation.   So, while reflection cannot be packaged as prescribed practice, there is a general understanding that teacher reflection-in-action or on-action results in effective teaching.   Methods of Teacher Reflection Despite the lack of concrete evidence supporting  reflection as an effective  practice and the lack of available time, a teachers reflection is required by many school districts as part of the  teacher evaluation  program. There are many different ways that teachers can include reflection as part of their own path towards professional development and to satisfy evaluation programs. A daily reflection is when teachers take a few moments at the end of the day to debrief on the days events. Typically, this should not take more than a few moments. When reflection is done over a period of time, the information can be illuminating. Some teachers keep a daily journal while others simply jot down notes about issues that they had in class. Consider asking, What worked in this lesson? How do I know it worked? At the end of a teaching unit, once assessments have all been graded, a teacher may want to take some time to reflect on the unit as a whole. Answering questions can help guide teachers as they decide what they want to keep and what they want to change the next time they teach the same unit. For example, Overall which lessons worked and which didnt?With which skills did students struggle the most? Why?Which learning objectives seemed the easiest for students? What made those work better?Were the end results of the unit what I had expected and hoped for? Why or why not? At the end of a semester  or school year, a teacher may look back over the students grades in order to try and make an overall judgment about the practices and strategies that are positive as well as areas that need improvement. What To Do With Reflections Reflecting on what went right and wrong with lessons and classroom situations is one thing. However, figuring out what to do with that information is quite another. Time spent in reflection can help ensure that this information can be used to produce real change for growth to occur.   There are several ways teachers can use the information they learned about themselves through reflection: Teachers can reflect on their successes and find reasons to celebrate. They may use their reflections to recommend the actions that lead to success for students in next years lessons.Teachers can individually or collectively reflect on areas that need improvement and look for areas where lessons did not have the desired academic impact.Teachers can reflect on any housekeeping issues that arose or areas where classroom management needed some work.   Reflection is an ongoing process and someday, the evidence may provide more specific guidelines for teachers. Reflection as a practice in education is evolving, and so are teachers.

The strategic position and potential opportunities and threats of Essay

The strategic position and potential opportunities and threats of TOPSHOP in the future - Essay Example The brand has also launched its own websites through which customers in USA gets an opportunity to shop. The website is updated 5 times a week and with over 300 styles (Topshop, n.d). Environmental analysis The environmental analysis is done with the help of PEST analysis. This tool helps in detecting the trend of the environment which can become issues in the competitive environment (Henry, 2008, p.51). Political factors The countries political factor in terms of clothing has been shaped by the international trading agreement. But the rules on trade remains complicated and changes rapidly. The trade blocks and trade agreements maintains distortions to free trade, which has resulted in rise in the Chinese exports and a drop in prices for UK consumers (Allwood et.al, 2006, p.8). Economical factors Economical factors have an adverse affect over the industry. ... Social factors The social factors affecting the retail clothing industry includes the age range of buyers which helps the retailer to determine what kinds of product to offer. Topshop has targeted the students and thus they produce fashionable clothing. The disposable income creates an impact on the buying behaviour of the consumers. The buying habits of the consumers are also a matter of concern as the retail outlets needs to match up with the consumers taste and demands. Technological factors With the help of technological factors the retail industry are able to cut down cost, enhance sales and can access customer information by way of bar coding and scanning, by using LAN, utilising the point of sales terminals. The distribution of the products will be done electronically enabling reduction of price due to product supply lines (Wilson, 2001, p.7). Porter’s Five Force Model Porters five force model focuses on five forces that shape the industry. The forces includes bargainin g power of buyer, bargaining power of supplier, threat of new entrant, threat of substitute, and rivalry among the firms. (Refer Appendix A). Bargaining power of supplier The bargaining power of supplier in retail clothing industry would be high because there are many buyers but few dominant suppliers. Topshop clothing is usually designed by fashion designer thus making the bargaining power high. Bargaining power of buyers In a retail clothing industry the bargaining power of the buyers are high because they can easily switch from one brand to another as they have a wide range of options available in the market. Topshop produces fashionable clothing and accessories which are easily available as the product are standardised with other brands thus

American Neo Conservatism and the World Order Essay

American Neo Conservatism and the World Order - Essay Example American Neo Conservatism and the World Order Backed by an American nuclear arsenal and war machine, Bush tossed the words "freedom" and "democracy" about, making them sound like cheap and meaningless words. Taking advantage of the fact that Americans were distracted with the aftermath of September 11, Bush addressed the world saying, "Since America's emergence as a world power roughly a century ago, we have made many errors, but we have been the greatest force for good among the nations of the earth. A diminution of American power or influence bodes ill for our country, our friends, and our principles." Later, the question would be asked whether or not the terrorists behind the events of September 11 had awakened a sleeping giant,1 or whether the giant had in fact been waiting in the wings waiting for his cue to come on stage. When George Bush made his announcement to Americans that they would respond to the events of 9/11 with an armed assault against the Taliban and Al Qaeda in Afghanistan, he did not share with his fellow Americans that already talk had been going on in the White House of a plan to invade Iraq. In November, 2001, ". . . Bush asked his defense secretary, Donald Rumsfeld, to revise the U.S. war plan for Iraq and publicly called for the return of UN arms inspectors to the country.† While a response of moving militarily against Afghanistan as the threshold of operations for the terrorists who had attacked the United States on September 11, 2001 went unquestioned by most Americans.; neo conservative plans of pre-emptive defense tactics against Iraq left many Americans scratching their heads in contemplation of the rhetoric coming out of the White House. It was the notion of a "pre-emptive" strike against a perceived threat to America that caused many, amongst them Democrats, who had pr eviously supported the administration in its response to the 9/11 terrorists in Afghanistan to now jump off the band wagon and put enough distance between themselves and the Bush administration so as to regain perspective of what actions were going on that were clearly being driven the neo conservatives who gained momentum following the events of 9/11. Amongst those who attempted to distance themselves from the Bush administration during the talk of pre-emptive invasion of Iraq period, were world leaders, some of whom seemed taken aback by Bush's pre-emptive rhetoric. "Our closest allies have spoken out against an invasion of Iraq. Gerhard Schroder, leading a usually complaisant Germany but locked in a tough re-election fight, has gone so far as to label this possibility an "'adventure,'" sparking a protest from our ambassador (Galston 2002, 1)." Bush administration officials were accused of ignoring and disregarding the thoughts of those world leaders with whom the United States had close ties (1). The idea of a long term military engagement in the Middle East gave rise to concerns that America was embarking on yet another disastrous course of military occupation and conflict, just as they had during the Viet Nam era; provoking comment from former secretary of state, Henry Kissinger (1). Kissinger weighed in saying, "Regime chang e as a goal for military intervention challenges the